Nevertheless, if ROS levels increase intensely, it can result in damage of many molecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA, since they are highly reactive. These reactive species are by-products of the normal cellular energy production and functional activities, presenting an important role in cell signaling, apoptosis, gene expression and ion transportation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include free radicals like the superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxides and the hydroxyl radical. However, it may trigger unfavorable reactions, and there has been a growing interest in studying the role of its reactive species. Oxygen is an essential chemical element in the metabolism of aerobic organisms.
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